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This top iron, or chip breaker, used an inverted plane iron placed over the cutting iron to limit the thickness of the shaving and help it to curl out of the mouth.
(a) Schematic of a typical thin-film p n junction QD PV (PbS QDs are purple circles, the contacts are omitted); high recombination losses due to the long paths for minority carriers to reach the electrode ultimately limit the thickness of the QD layer.
The quantitative estimation leads to the conclusion that, close to the bulk solubility limit, the thickness of a Co-enriched layer is several monolayers in grain boundaries and at least two monolayers in the free surfaces.
Analysis of the results show that a sufficient air flow along the tubes may effectively limit the thickness of the smoke layer, thus leaving adequate risk-free space above the ground for the emergency evacuation.
Since the generated excitons (upon light absorption) have a diffusion length of ~10 nm, the bilayer configuration will have to limit the thickness of each active layer less than 20 nm for an effective charge carrier collection.
The Russians decided that the entire side of the ship needed to be armored, even though this would limit the thickness of the main belt.
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The thick tension-saturated zone within the tailings limits the thickness of unsaturated tailings that are susceptible to rapid sulfide oxidation.
The vacuum deposition limits the thickness of solid-state batteries, which, in turn, limits their energy storage capacity.
When ice is purged that way, the resulting open water can absorb more heat from the air, then expel that heat through the winter, limiting the thickness and area of new ice.
This results in short diffusion lengths for minority carriers6 in QD solids and ultimately limits the thickness of the active layer to <500 nm (Fig. 1a), which is insufficient for complete absorption of incident photons.
These multiple endotherms have been related to the effects of the hydroxyvalerate units in limiting the thickness of the lamellae at any given temperature.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com