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Constrained Transport (CT) schemes aim to keep to zero at machine precision the sum of the magnetic fluxes through all surfaces bounding a cell, and therefore (in the continuous limit) the divergence of the magnetic field inside the cell.
Because recombination can function as a cohesive force to limit the divergence of each lineage, the single species M. aeruginosa can be recognized as an assemblage of multiple, independent phylogenetic units whose evolutionary consequence could also be distinct.
As in most evolutionary models, multiple substitutions at the same site limit the divergence among k-mers and hence the distance estimated between species [ 45].
When designing synthetic sequences, users may want to limit the divergence of the designed sequences with respect to the initial seed.
Identifying and understanding the mechanisms that drive and limit the divergence of protein sequence space impact not only evolutionary biologists investigating molecular evolution but also synthetic biologists seeking to design useful catalysts and engineer novel metabolic pathways.
Taken together, our results support both developmental constraint acting to limit the divergence of early expressed, developmentally important genes [ 5, 8], as well as the notion that accelerated divergence in adults is primarily due to increased selection pressures occurring during this stage.
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Thus, gene conversion provides a mechanism for limiting the divergence of functional regions of protein paralogs, while allowing other domains to evolve diversified functions.
While Ne defines the rate at which genetic variation is lost and at which inbreeding increases in a population, migration acts as a homogenizing force limiting the divergence of natural populations.
Thus, gene conversion may be a general mechanism that limits the divergence of critical regions in these proteins, while allowing other domains, such as the ligand binding domain, to evolve diversified functions.
Taken together, these results support both the developmental constraint hypothesis limiting the divergence of early expressed developmentally important genes, leading to a gradient of divergence rates over ontogeny (embryonic < larval/pupal < adult), as well as Darwin's 'selection opportunity' hypothesis leading to increased divergence in adults, particularly in the case of reproductive tissues.
The sequence comparison showed that the selection force has limited the divergence in the regions flanking the domains of PL10 related genes in fish, frog, bird and mammals, and most of the epigenetically modified sites were highly conserved among these species.
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