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At contact stresses below the FEM-predicted elastic plastic limit, the coefficient of friction decreased linearly with increase in contact stress, suggesting that interfacial shear is the major mechanism of friction in DLN.
To allow finite quantization, we limit the coefficient magnitudes to 1200 (limiting occurs for about 0.01% of the coefficients).
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There is, however, no lower limit to the coefficient.
Although there is no actual lower limit to the coefficient [ 29], this value is higher than the recommended value of 0.70 [ 30].
For all analyses, the lower confidence limit of the coefficient of variation statistic (which measures 'un-clock-likeness') was above zero, indicating statistically-significant variability in evolutionary rate among lineages.
An upper-bound value of the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) constrained by frictional limits and the coefficient of friction (μ=0.6) is about 27.36 MPa/km.
/*Nest status was modeled as following a binomial distribution with a logit link function; the "SOLUTION" option requests display of coefficient estimates and standard errors, and "CL" requests confidence limits on the coefficient estimates for each independent variable*/.
However, for the sake of simplicity, we limit the scaling coefficients (L_{n}^{b},L_{nn}^{s}) to purely imaginary or real numbers.
To simplify the computation, the limit of the coefficients does not vary by different time slots.
Employing the DFT and explicitly embedding the information in the magnitude of DFT coefficients limit the set of coefficients to be watermarked, since the watermarked DFT coefficients are required to be positive.
For instance, the Nadal's criterion considers the flange climb and, therefore, the limit derailment coefficient depends on the friction of the wheel and the rail (See [25]).
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