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Only one subject reported pain at the limit of flexion, and flexion restrictions were evident in asymptomatic wrists.
However, in IVD prolapse, which can occur independently (as a result of exceeding the physiological limit of flexion or compressive force through a motion segment [ 20, 21], or as a secondary complication of IVD degeneration [ 22], locally produced cytokines may form part of the mechanism of spontaneous resorption.
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During testing one symptomatic subject reported pain at the limit of wrist flexion.
The Oxford Group (Reilly et al. 2005) used a pressure bandage for 5 days to limit the degree of flexion because of a suspected increased risk of hemarthrosis.
Both studies reported 'acceptable' agreement with the universal goniometer (95% limits of agreement: flexion: −20 to 5 degrees, −8 to 9 degrees; abduction: −17 to 14 degrees).
The orthosis limited the range of flexion up to 60º to protect the sutured meniscus which facilitated its full regeneration.
[2] also added a medial buttressing plate for their nine cases, and in spite of their rigid fixation and early rehabilitation, three patients had <90° flexion, and in six the arc of flexion was limited to between 90° and 100°.
Biomechanical studies suggest that interspinous fusion implants may be similar to pedicle screw-rod constructs in limiting the range of flexion-extension, but they may be less effective than bilateral pedicle screw-rod fixation for limiting axial rotation and lateral bending.
Much of the reduction in joint loads may be a result of the device's ability to limit torso flexion during stoop, rather than a transferring of load.
Patient positioning, photographic technique and care in obtaining the limits of extension and flexion (whether they are passively or actively obtained) remain important.
This study was limited to the movements of the shoulder in the direction of flexion.
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