Recent studies of physiological adaptation in aquatic ectotherms indicate that intraspecific thermal tolerance is set by limitations in aerobic performance, specifically the upper limit of heart rate to deliver oxygen to tissues (e.g., [ 15, 22, 23]).
The higher cut-off value identified in our study is probably justified by the inclusion of valve operations: coronary patients are usually preoperatively treated with drugs limiting the heart rate, that are not routinely used in mitral valve patients and in patients with aortic regurgitation.
Three additional unique categories were created: obstetric history (other than previous caesarean), fetal health concerns (other than fetal distress which was limited to heart rate concerns), and malpresentation (other than breech presentation).
This may explain why in the present study pharmacodynamic effects were limited to heart rate changes, while in other studies an increase in blood pressure was also seen (Table 3).
Sports physiologists do not limit themselves to heart rate, the focus in the instructional unit, but also involve other variables in preparing an advice.
The upper limit for the heart rate during exercise is set as the heart rate measured by the electrocardiogram at the maximum exercise capacity.
Variables associated with the prognosis were sex, age, hypertension, previous myocardial infarction, left ventricular ejection fraction <40%, Killip class >1, C reactive protein >3 mg/l, peak troponin >100 upper limit of normal, heart rate, creatinine clearance <30 ml/min, diabetes mellitus, and GRACE risk score.
The force frequency relation (FFR) or staircase phenomenon of healthy human myocardium and within physiological limits describes a heart rate dependent increase in contractile force and cardiac output.
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The limit to detection of heart rate was between 200 and 20 bpm.
