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Arterial and venous limb diameters are also called the "efferent limb width" and "afferent limb width," respectively.
When N AER changes, only the limb width changes without morphological anomalies during the transient state (data not shown).
In our model, a limb bud protrudes and elongates from a flat lateral plate with a constant limb width in a self-organized manner.
For inner and outer body width, and inner limb width, changes through time are reasonably approximated by a linear model, with significant decay slopes indicating that proportions vary with stage of decay.
We hypothesize that altered proximal limb width, especially in the zeugopodial domain, may affect chameleon evolution as a narrowing of this domain would ultimately provide a reduction in the distal mesenchymal cells available for building the mesopodial and acropodial skeleton.
Although Lefford and Edwards [ 44] have suggested that an index derived from apex width and maximum limb width (maximum distance between arterial and venous limbs) can distinguish abnormal capillary loops from normal ones [ 68], very few research works have emphasized this parameter.
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Some researchers designate capillaries with a width of at least 50 μm (0.050 mm) [ 56, 57] as enlarged capillaries or present capillary sizes with regard to individual limb widths [ 44, 58– 60] or capillary loop areas.
Arthritic symptoms were assessed by clinical arthritis score of four limbs, width of two ankle joints, and thickness of two hind paws.
The following parameters were analyzed: the number of capillary loops per millimeter, the vascular deletion score, the number of enlarged loops (over four times the normal afferent, transition, and efferent limbs width), and the number of giant capillary loops (10 or more times the normal width of capillary limbs).
By comparison, after complete SCI untrained rats (but treated with epidural stimulation and quipazine) had a similar pelvic limb stance width to unlesioned animals [ 23]; however, that study did not examine variability of paw placement in the lateral plane.
Narrower hind limb step widths may indicate that animals are using their forelimbs primarily for balance.
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