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The mechanism driving this variation in evolutionary rates is likely replication timing affecting gene dosage during the cell cycle.
Inclusion into RNA can subsequently cause disassembly of polyribosomes [ 58, 59], thus disturbing tRNA and ultimately protein synthesis, while incorporation into DNA induces covalent binding to DNMT, thus preventing DNA methylation and very likely replication.
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On the other hand, the major evolutionary driving force for acquisition of immunomodulators by poxviruses is more likely productive replication of a virulent virus, rather than evasion of adaptive responses (i.e. antibody or cytotoxic T cell responses).
Second, expression of the HIV-1 Env transgene likely reduces replication efficiency, as it requires substantial cellular metabolic resources.
Considering the high identity of pTRACA22 encoded genes to B. hydrogenotrophica, this scenario would likely encompass replication in both Gram -ve and Gram +ve species.
Thus, UIM binding to ubiquitinated H2A is likely DNA replication independent and DNMT1 might function as adaptor protein mediating PRC2 recruitment and repressive Polycomb domain formation.
In the distal fragment severed by the DSB at VII-L, a (likely unique) replication origin is located in the subtelomeric X element.
In the future, it would be interesting to further analyze the utilization of these likely dormant replication origins in H. hispanica.
During this period it is likely that replication takes place but without accumulation of PrPd to levels detectable by current methods.
Similarly, inappropriate activation of growth signaling pathways in tauopathies and other neurodegenerative disorders promotes unscheduled entry of postmitotic neurons into S phase [ 56], where these cells also likely undergo replication stress.
However, the genomes of some slow growing bacteria, such as Mycobacterium and Chlamydia, exhibit little or no gradient in substitution rates (d S in particular) (Mira and Ochman 2002), likely because replication is rarely limiting for growth and occupies a smaller fraction of their cell cycles.
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