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The likelihood of rape being systemic in these more recent wars is raised by the desensitization that all soldiers undergo in order to kill, as well as by the kind of institutionalized tolerance or normalization of abuse that is part of the Baghram base detention center, the Abu Ghraib prison, and other scandals involving desecrating bodies and assaults on civilians.
The 2014 Report of the UN Secretary-General on gender equality in natural disasters underlines the likelihood of rape and sexual violence rising during natural disasters.
The 63% elevated likelihood of rape among women who reported reliance on a male partner to procure drugs supports evidence elsewhere of the adverse impact of gender inequities in access to economic or material resources on women's health outcomes.
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Such beliefs have repeatedly been shown to play a role not only in men's self-reported likelihood of committing rape, but also in people's tendency to define rape more restrictively, and to attribute responsibility and blame to rape victims (1999, 816).
However, a study conducted in Addis Ababa has shown that attending missionary schools increased the likelihood of experiencing rape by more than two folds.
Other research indicates that men are associated with greater likelihood of accepting rape myths and traditional gender stereotypes [ 33, 55, 56].
43 Finally, the observed relationship between living on the street and the enhanced likelihood of both rape and physical violence highlights the need for structural level responses that focus on poverty and housing, including innovative models of supportive housing that have a harm reduction perspective.
Besides, poorer women are known to have a high likelihood of being raped and sexually tortured [ 7, 43- 46].
These women were also less likely to believe that being drunk increased the likelihood of a false rape allegation, again a perception potentially borne from experience.
The likelihood of experiencing completed rape was still higher to a statically significant level among students who live with others (AOR = 2.20; 95% CI; 1.04, 4.68).
Altogether, three quarters of women agreed that being drunk increased the likelihood of a false rape allegation; a significantly smaller proportion of women who had experienced alcohol-related non-consensual sex thought this was the case (AOR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.35-0.82).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com