There was no significant difference in the likelihood of consumption of tiger-bone plasters between income groups ((F2,1769 = 0.42, p<0.65), but consumption of tiger-bone wine was only prevalent among wealthier consumers (F2,1769 = 0.24, p<0.02).
Thus, it was proposed that large rather than small package sizes can reduce the likelihood of consumption being initiated.
All income groups had a significantly higher likelihood of consumption than the lowest group, with an OR of 4·0 for the highest-income participants and a gradient in odds across the income groups.
They also reported that food security is strongly associated with the likelihood of daily consumption of fruit, non-root/tuber vegetables, and meat.
However, most organisations recommend limiting sugar-containing foods for infants to reduce the likelihood of high consumption later in childhood and adolescence.
These preliminary findings are consistent with those from other studies, which report that high levels of stress from multiple stressors may increase the likelihood of tobacco consumption [ 6, 9- 16, 18, 19] 19].
Further, research published to date has not explored the role of socio-economic status (SES) on parental knowledge [ 25- 30], although this has a significant relationship with likelihood of alcohol consumption and how children access alcohol [ 7].
Instead, many studies consistently support associations between positive affect during the day and the likelihood of drinking, consumption levels, and intoxication that night (Dvorak and Simons 2014; Dvorak et al. 2014; Simons et al. 2005, 2010), supporting the role of positive mood and enhancement reasons in drinking as highlighted in motivational models (Cox and Klinger 1988).
Among girls, having a non-drinking father who was against underage drinking (OR=0.52, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.91) or a non-drinking father who was favourable towards underage drinking (OR=0.51, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.83) significantly decreased the likelihood of alcohol consumption, as did having a non-drinking mother who was against underage drinking (OR=0.23, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.60).
Given increasing popularity of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) consumption and evidence of increased likelihood of excess ED consumption when consuming AmED [ 30, 31], it is crucial that any attempts to capture awareness and behavioural compliance also takes into account consumption practices when EDs are consumed independently and in combination with alcohol.
22 23 As such, the intervention is focused on sporting clubs as an environment in which excessive alcohol consumption can occur, seeking to reduce the likelihood of excessive alcohol consumption through modifying club responsible service of alcohol and management practices and social situations encouraging excessive alcohol consumption.
