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In contrast, proof-of-principle experiments in solar cells are complicated for downconverters and downshifters because of the likelihood of competing non-radiative processes.
The likelihood of competing hypotheses of maternal care evolution was tested statistically by using the constraint trees.
In order to assess the relative likelihood of competing candidate models, we report normalized Akaike weights wAIC.
Shared decision making regarding primary prevention ICD has been recommended to involve explicit consideration of patient preferences and the likelihood of competing risks for mortality in all patients.
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For a given gene, the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test compares the difference in log likelihoods of competing tree topologies.
Model selection using the Bayes factor (the ratio of the marginal likelihoods of competing models, P(D| H1)/ P(D| H2)) has been shown to be capable of placing an ordering on alternative signal transduction models that is decisive [ 20].
This approach to topology comparison is more robust to statistical error than common ML procedures, and the analyses presented here were done using stepping stone integration, which is the most accurate method of estimating the marginal likelihoods of competing hypotheses currently available [ 24].
Since the OCB objective functions do not provide indications for estimating physical distances between markers and for comparing likelihoods of competing marker orders, only the three MLE objectives, namely, BASE TSP + MLE, Extended TSP + MLE, and Normalize TSP + MLE, were used in our computations.
Likelihood tests of competing tree topologies were also performed.
The Shimodaira-Hasegawa maximum likelihood test [69] of competing phylogenetic hypothesis was used with 1,000 RELL pseudo-replicates as implemented in Tree-Puzzle [70] to test whether the difference of likelihoods between the best tree and the competing hypotheses were significantly different from zero (alpha at 0.005 after correcting for multiple trees comparisons).
"With an office building, there's obvious competition," he said, "but the likelihood of a competing road being built is very low".
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