By comparing the results obtained with and without a LOD for VL, we demonstrated that maximum likelihood appropriately handle BLD, consistent with results found previously [ 10].
The EM is often defined as a statistical technique for maximizing complex likelihoods and handling incomplete data problem.
In [25], however, instead of selecting a single SI component, the turbo decoder is extended to handle likelihood value calculations based on both the temporal and spatial SI components.
Since our loudness scale grew in discrete, 5 dB increments, we employ the exact-partial likelihood method to handle multiple arousals at each sound intensity [50].
Quasi-likelihood estimation was used in a Poisson modelling framework rather than maximum likelihood estimation to handle potential over-dispersion.
Mixed model uses maximum likelihood estimation to handle missing data, without the use of ad hoc imputations.
In statistical literature, several methods have been presented to cope with non-ignorable missing data, most of them using maximum likelihood approaches to handle these data (10, 11).
We entered intrapair differences in each measure (calculated by subtracting the score of the first randomly selected twin in each pair from that of the second) into cross-lagged longitudinal MZ difference models, estimated using OpenMx (Boker et al., 2011) in the R environment, and using full information maximum likelihood estimation to handle missing data.
Since these missing values were not due to the design of the study, we assumed that they were 'missing at random' and applied the full-information-maximum-likelihood procedure to handle them in the moderation models (Enders 2010).
Finally, all patients in our study cohort have unique identifiers, minimizing the likelihood of data handling bias when linking their hospitalisation, demographic, and hospitalisation information.
