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In general, sample sizes of at least 30 observations are recommended when applying the central limit theorem to the sampling distribution of a mean [8]; when dealing with a variance parameter as target, probably 50 should be the minimum number of paired observations since estimating second moments (like the variance) is more prone to uncertainty than estimating first moments (like the mean).
Note that the criterion R e; π) is similar but different from classical Bayesian OED criteria, like the variance criterion used in A-optimal design.
We showed that the covariance between traits, just like the variance, can be under shared control of host and pathogen, with contributions via host and pathogen genotype main effects and interactions.
They may also be useful as summary statistics in the ABC framework; like the variance of pairwise differences that have low power when applied as a test [ 3] but have proved useful for ABC [ 42].
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In count data like these, the variance of the response variable is typically larger than expected from the model assumptions, a phenomenon known as over-dispersion (McCullagh and Nelder 1989).
In like manner, one obtains the variance of Z2 by differentiating log f s, t) twice with respect to t.
The exposure measurement error contains a Berkson-like component that increases the variance of the effect estimate and a classical-type component that not only increase the variance but also bias the effect estimates [ 64].
Lastly, some components of attention could be trait-like (e.g executive control), or state-like (alerting or orienting) explaining the variance structure of the ANT scores.
Finally, we would like to note again that the variance of the Linear slope (WMS) was very small to begin with (i.e., ~.6, i.e., >70 times smaller than the variance of the Intercept (PS)), which greatly affects statistical power and thus complicates reliable genetic decomposition.
Like the minimum variance control (MVC) design, the output variances of the primary and the secondary loops are decomposed into a cascade-invariant and a cascade-dependent term, but the estimated ARMA model for the cascade control loop based on the minimum entropy, instead of the minimum mean squares error, is developed for non-Gaussian disturbances.
Across product means, the concentration variables explained 52% of the variance in liking in main effects multiple regression.
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