(2) Remote sensing image is photographed in complex environments, which not only includes light, viewpoint, and scale variant but also includes the influence of atmospheric and cloud cover, complex background, and similar ground environment.
During the day there's a choice of traditional pastimes such as fishing, cross-country skiing and a husky safari, and in the evenings visitors follow walking trails or hop on snowmobiles to reach the best northern lights viewpoints.
They differed in terms of color, viewpoint, lighting conditions, and background.
However, today, face recognition remains challenging because of large variations in facial image appearance due to multiple factors including facial feature variations among different subjects, viewpoints, lighting conditions, and facial expressions.
Moreover, both the objects and faces substantially vary in size, color, lighting, and viewpoint, and the faces also vary in gender, age, ethnical origin, and expression.
For example, low-level changes caused by lighting or viewpoint of the same identity are often greater than the low-level changes that occur with different identities when the viewing conditions are similar (Xu et al. 2009).
Thus, we first formulate into the Kronecker product of the subject, viewpoint, and lighting parameters: (20).
It is expected to optimize the utilization of daylight dynamically in energy efficient lighting design from the viewpoint of intelligent control.
For each image, while LDA calculated one kind of projection vector as shown in Figure 5(a), Multifactor Discriminant Analysis obtained individual projection vectors for subjects, viewpoint and lighting.
In Section 3.2, factor-specific parameters obtained by MPCA preserve the three Gram-like matrices,, and defined in (8). Figure 4 demonstrates that MPCA calculates subject, viewpoint, and lighting parameters using only the colored parts in the Gram matrix.
