Daylighting theories, using cumulative frequency distribution of outdoor illuminance and regression models based on brightness of light output, outdoor illuminance and electric light power to estimate daylight-linked lighting control savings, have been developed and assessed.
We also used counts from large emergence traps and light traps to estimate additional life cycle parameters, emergence rates, and total gnathiid density on substrate, and to calibrate the light trap design to provide estimates of rate of emergence and total gnathiid density in habitat not amenable to emergence trap deployment.
The resultant graft copolymers were characterized using gel permeation chromatography equipped with low-angle laser light-scattering to determine the molecular weights, and equipped with a refractive index detector and an ultraviolet light detector to estimate a PHIC weight fraction of PMMA-graft-PHIC at the ith elution volume of the GPC chromatogram.
Phase demixing process of the MBC1/PC (2080) blend was measured by light scattering to estimate the spinodal temperature.
To overcome the problem that such data may not be available, we have proposed using nighttime light images to estimate the in-use stocks of materials in countries for which the data are unavailable.
Although a model is available describing this process and experimental data have been obtained for photocuring of hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), measurements with widely varying light intensity to estimate the kinetic parameters in the model were still lacking.
Correale et al. used an image-processing algorithm, based on a threshold set on the light intensity, to estimate the heated region produced by the discharge of a nanosecond-pulsed DBDs (as shown in Fig. 6), thus evaluating the distribution of the energy released by the nanosecond-pulses [64].
We subsequently analyzed the filters for mass, light absorbance to estimate BC, and trace elemental compositions via X-ray fluorescence.
Now-ubiquitous digital scanners and cameras, in conjunction with digital image processing software, have largely replaced older methods using light obstruction to estimate leaf area.
