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The slim-type tubular PBR appears to have a greater light-receiving area and greater light penetration efficiency.
Higher light penetration efficiency might be the reason why, using attached cultivation, observed values for photosynthetic efficiency were higher than those recorded in conventional open-pond suspended cultures.
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The higher 100 μM concentration of the present study may have been necessary to compensate for cellular debris in the mixtures interfering with light penetration and reducing the binding efficiency of PMA to DNA.
In 2007 2008, there were large decreases in Diacyclops thomasi and Daphnia mendotae possibly caused by food limitation as well as increased predation and indirect negative effects from increases in Bythotrephes longimanus abundance and in foraging efficiency associated with increased light penetration.
However, algal growth efficiency is restricted by light penetration but aeration may increase the likelihood of contamination by other species of algae or bacteria.
Most IPL systems provide a large spot size, reducing patient discomfort, increasing efficiency of treatment, and enabling deeper light penetration.
Two test houses having ordinary glass and novel glass curtain walls are constructed in Taiwan and experimentally investigated in terms of various performance parameters such as ultraviolet light penetration, thermal insulation, power generation, indoor lighting and energy saving efficiency.
This results in limited light penetration into the photobioreactor and low solar to hydrogen energy conversion efficiency.
Increasing the ILAU decreases the canopy height, improves ventilation and light penetration, and enhances photosynthesis in the middle and lower leaves as well as the efficiency of light energy utilization for the entire plant (Guo et al. 2005).
Ponds are relatively shallow, with considerable light penetration.
This plane varies diurnally and seasonally with changes in light penetration.
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