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Redshift is a measure of how light is stretched to redder wavelengths as the universe stretches during light's multi-billion-year trip from the supernovae to us.
So one approach to measuring it is by observing the redshifts of bright supernovae, whose light is stretched as the very space it is travelling through expands.
The highest step is the Hubble Constant which describes a linear relationship between the distances of objects and the degree to which their light is stretched by the expansion of the Universe.
For instance, astronomers routinely determine how fast stars and galaxies are moving away from us by measuring the extent to which their light is "stretched" into the lower frequency, red part of the spectrum.
When the star is wobbling away from Earth its light is stretched out and reduced in frequency; when it moves toward us, the light is bunched up and its frequency increases.
Scientists measure these literally astronomical distances with the "redshift" of a given light source; it is a measure of how much the source's light is stretched as it races away from us in the ever-expanding Universe.
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As a result, all wavelengths of the light are stretched by the expansion of space.
Because of the ISS's motion during the exposure time, 2.5 s, the apparent images of the city lights are stretched and have line-shape along the ISS trajectory as seen in Fig. 1.
As they recede, the light they emit is stretched to longer wavelengths, making them appear more red, or "redshifted".
They include the study of galaxy clusters, supernovae, the large-scale clumping of galaxies and weak gravitational lensing - the phenomenon by which the light from distant galaxies is stretched and magnified by foreground clusters of galaxies.
In both cases, astronomers measure the way the waves of light from the stars is stretched out, an effect called the redshift, to measure how fast the stars are speeding away from us.
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