Because many aspects of Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) function in mammals resemble those of PDF in flies (Vosko et al., 2007), it will be interesting to know if VIP cell firing can mimic light and phase-shift mammalian rhythms.
The first fraction was mounted in glycerol and used for light and phase-contrast microscopy, and the second fraction was stored in distilled water for subsequent analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The level of differentiation and polarization was characterized by light and phase-contrast microscopy, standard histological staining, immunocytochemistry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER).
Size and zeta potential of CeO2 NPs (100 μg/mL) were analyzed using dynamic light scattering and phase analysis light scattering technique in a Zetasizer Nano-ZS equipped with 4.0 mW, 633 nm laser (model ZEN 3600; Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, UK).
The average hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of BTs were determined using dynamic light scattering and phase analysis light scattering, respectively, using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS, Model ZEN3600 (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, UK).
For each animal, data captured at 60-second intervals were grouped into 6 h time bins, in order to compare animals' activity during the first and second half of the light and dark phases (Early Light Phase: 0700 h to 1259 h; Late Light Phase: 1300 h to 1859 h; Early Dark Phase: 1900 h to 0059 h; Late Dark Phase: 0100 h to 0659 h).
It is unknown if ipRGC activity is subject to extrinsic (central) or intrinsic (retinal) network-mediated circadian modulation during light entrainment and phase shifting.
These details appear in the form of light and dark phase bands, or fringes.
