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As with similar objects discovered in near synchronous trajectories, long lifetime orbits, with mean motions of about 2 revolutions per day, were found possible for debris characterized by extremely high area-to-mass ratios.
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Results show that clock stability of the onboard GNSS is highly dependent on the satellites generations, operational lifetime, orbit types, and frequency standards.
A model that consists of a high degree, zonal truncation of the Selenopotential superimposed to the Earth mass-point attraction is used to explore the existence and orbital characteristics of long-lifetime orbits close to the Moon at any inclination.
To minimize space debris, a CubeSat without an extra de-orbit mechanism cannot exceed an orbit of 650 700 km which limits the lifetime in orbit to less than 25 years [72].
During the mission lifetime several orbit tunings are feasible, just to transfer from one to another orbit.
A detailed theoretical analysis on the orbital lifetime and frozen orbit of low-moon-orbit satellites (LMOS) is carried out, and their relationships with the orbital inclination, as well as some mutual relationships are presented.
The satellite had in February 2003 accomplished its design goal, two years lifetime in-orbit, and it continues to work well.
Issues associated with these predictions include lifetime estimates, orbit determination and tracking, attitude dynamics, and re-entry prediction.
Not the least of these capabilities is the extension of a spacecraft's operational lifetime in orbit before it succumbs to atmospheric drag and burns up on reentry.
A 25-year post-mission lifetime de-orbit policy, combined with explosion prevention and mission-related object limitation, was found to be the most cost-effective solution to the space debris problem in LEO.
However, radiation damage to APDs significantly increases their dark count rates and thus reduces their useful lifetimes in orbit.
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