Since theory suggests that migration may disrupt fertility, the number of lifetime moves is relevant to fertility.
Similarly, we see a positive relationship between number of lifetime moves and cumulative fertility (Table 6, model 2).
According to migration characteristics (Table 2), most migrants moved more than once in their lifetime, with an average of 2.0 lifetime moves among migrants.
Number of lifetime moves is measured as categorical, with those moving from one, two, and three or more times compared to the reference group of non-migrants.
There is noteworthy heterogeneity among migrants: higher fertility among migrants is associated with longer duration in Kinshasa, more lifetime moves, urban-Kinshasa migration, older age at first migration, and moving to Kinshasa from outside (as opposed to intra-Kinshasa migration).
We tabulate the number of lifetime moves among our respondents, the duration of time spent living in Kinshasa, migration stream (rural-urban, urban-urban), and the age at migration to Kinshasa.
We also find that migration does not appear to lower fertility due to disruption: more lifetime moves is associated with higher fertility in our sample, which could potentially instead reflect the disruptive effect of migration on access to family planning.
Using the PMA2020 residence histories, we are able to create several characteristics of migration, including the duration lived in Kinshasa, number of lifetime moves, age at first migration, urban/rural classification for birthplace, and the distinction between intra-Kinshasa migration and migration to Kinshasa.
Specifically, we investigate the association between fertility and (1) duration of residence in Kinshasa, (2) number of lifetime moves, (3) age at first migration, (4) urban/rural classification of birthplace, and (5) the distinction between intra-Kinshasa migration and migration to Kinshasa.
Finally, we examine whether fertility differs by particular characteristics of migration, specifically (1) the duration of time living in Kinshasa, (2) the number of lifetime moves, (3) whether their birthplace was urban or rural, (4) their age at first migration, and (5) a distinction between migration within Kinshasa and migration to Kinshasa.
