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(b) Fixed charge density and minimum effective lifetime change after annealing at different temperatures.
The effective lifetime change initially increased with increased annealing temperature and then rapidly decreased below unity.
Fig. 3 Passenger car stock in 2014 under the lifetime change scenarios (benchmark: θ = 0.4, Δμ = 0).
The effective lifetime change is the ratio of the effective lifetime after annealing to that of the effective lifetime before annealing.
However, the effective lifetime was low (Figure 2) because of the poor chemical passivation at 750°C in Figure 3b of the minimum lifetime change value.
Furthermore, novel genetically encoded calcium indicators with significantly increased fluorescent lifetime change are advantageous in deep-field imaging with high light-scattering and notable morphology change.
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For situations, where the hazard function is modified unimodal shaped, usually, we have interest in the estimation of lifetime change-point, that is, the point at which the hazard function reaches to a maximum (minimum) and then decreases (increase).
However, the decreasing ratio in network lifetime changes according to the algorithm used.
We used fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) with two-photon excitation and time-correlated single-photon counting to visualize the lifetime changes in the capsules.
The lifetime changes with the oxygen concentration were compared with the range obtained during our previous study in ethanol solution (5 220 ns).
Comparing with the result of samples annealed at 450°C, effective minority carrier lifetime changed slightly according to Figure 5 and disclosed the thermal stability of Al2O3 passivation via PEALD after firing at high temperature.
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