Paradoxically, the two strongest physiological stimuli known to date to increase adult neurogenesis and lifespan, physical exercise [ 38, 49- 51]andietaryrestrictionion [ 112], respectively, are the ones that current societies of the western world more consistently neglect while asking biomedical research to fill the gap.
On 2.5% sucrose, a level of carbohydrate intake that results in a reduced lifespan, the exercised cohort experienced a small, but significant increase in its age-related mobility decline, in comparison with unexercised controls (multivariate regression, treatment effect (days 19 36): p = 0.0088, Fig. 5C).
There are two types of age: chronological age, or the number of years a person or animal has lived, and biological age, which accounts for lifestyle factors that can shorten or extend lifespan, including diet, exercise, and environmental exposures.
A partial reduction in dFatp expression, however, provides lifespan extension, high exercise capacity, and resistance to multiple stresses.
These findings indicate that in flies (i) autophagy in fat can vary highly without affecting lifespan; and (ii) exercise can modify autophagy tissue- and context-specifically. Sexual dimorphism has been frequently observed in single-gene mutations that extend lifespan (Bartke, 2011) and in environmental interventions such as DR (Chen et al., 2010b; Soh et al., 2007).
Over the last century, many studies have demonstrated that calorie restriction (i.e. decreased food intake) and exercise cause lifespan extension in model organisms and decrease human mortality from age-associated diseases.
Both of these components have been proposed to play a role in the regulation of lifespan [58], [59] and exercise response [61], [62].
In mice, its overexpression in skeletal muscle yields striking extensions of exercise capacity, lifespan, and reproduction [ 3].
Consistently, data from experimental murine studies have shown that only CR slows aging and extends both average and maximal lifespan, whereas life-long exercise extends only average lifespan [ 43].
Therefore, the obvious thing to analyze was whether physical exercise exerts lifespan-extending (or at least health-promoting) effects by increasing ROS formation.
