This suggests that the earlier-in-life time frame is important when assessing gender differences of IPV and future studies should consider it alongside past-year prevalence.
Although the patterns of co-occurrence were similar for women and men during the past year, differences were observed for the earlier-in-life time frame.
This further highlights the importance of considering the earlier-in-life time frame when assessing gender differences in exposure to IPV.
The finding that women were exposed to all three forms of IPV more often than men within the earlier-in-life time frame (22.1% vs. 11.5%) is supported by other studies [ 24].
The Swedish study found that 28% of women were exposed to physical violence and 16% to sexual violence by a former partner, compared with 14.3% for physical violence and 9.2% for sexual IPV during the earlier-in-life time frame in the current study.
The co-occurrence of psychological, physical and sexual IPV was illustrated by Venn diagrams separately for the past-year and earlier-in-life time frames.
However, the exposure rates of IPV differed for women and men according to past-year and earlier-in-life time frames and it is therefore possible that the associated factors would have differed for women and men had they been assessed separately for the two time-frames.
Two thirds most likely occur synchronously PTT is generally considered to occur before birth or during the first 30 days of life, although this time frame is arbitrary.
The Cello Sonata came only late in life, sharing the same time frame of the wonderfully ambivalent "Barcarolle" and the profoundly disturbing "Polonaise-Fantasie".
This can clearly be seen when participants discussed the dilemma as to whether dying of a PE is considered a good or bad way to die with contradicting personal opinions of two doctors, both at consultant level, with the same need to maximise quality of life in a short time frame used to support their opposite conclusions.
Our study provided important information regarding autonomic modulation of HRV during the first month of life for the piglet, a time frame generally accepted as equivalent to periods of vulnerability during the first six months of human life [ 5, 13, 23].
