Within 17-year periodical cicadas, brood formation appears to occur via temporary life cycle shifts, in which large numbers of cicadas emerge off-cycle, perhaps in response to climate fluctuations ("brood shifting") [11], [18].
Each species is most closely related to one with the other life cycle in its own species group [11], [14], and permanent life cycle shifts have been proposed to explain these relationships [11], [14] [16].
The relative reproductive investment under conditions of selfing changed in a direction that was adaptive in our 4-day life cycle protocol: a shift towards early life.
Driving toxoplasma's specific virulence is its two-stage life cycle and its shifting definition of a suitable host.
The first of these patterns, when found in other genera of Aphidinae, has been interpreted as an illustration of speciation via loss of the heteroecious life cycle and the shifting of all primary host generations onto some of the secondary hosts of the original life cycle [ 13].
In addition to these, integrated biorefineries also face a number of sustainability challenges – environmental, economic, and social – which must be evaluated carefully on a life cycle basis to avoid shifting the issues along supply chains [ 7].
A shift in life cycle, so long as it involves the loss or acquisition of the primary (winter) host in a group of individuals of an aphid species, necessarily results in the shifting of sexual reproduction to a separate host plant and strong reproductive isolation from the population of origin.
regulatory and voluntary policies, rating systems to assess energy efficiency, selection of energy efficient processes and materials through life cycle analysis and simulation and shifting to low embodied energy materials.
Two general in situ responses to global warming in aquatic systems have been identified: seasonal shifts in life cycle events, resulting in changed temporal patterns in population densities, and decreases in body size (Daufresne et al. 2009).
These results demonstrate that VRN-A1 has a particular DNA methylation pattern, exhibiting rapid shift within the life cycle of a winter wheat plant following exposure to particular environmental conditions.
