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The workshop group performed significantly better on three of the four individual questions in the life cycle question series on the final exam (P values are reported after FDR correction for multiple comparisons): Question 1 (lower-level: Pearson χ = 11.91, P(1) < 0.01), Question 2 (higher-level: Pearson χ = 16.089, P(1) < 0.01), and Question 4 (lower-level: Pearson χ = 5.149, P(1) < 0.05).
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We assessed overall performance on life cycle questions, performance on lower-level (Bloom levels 1 and 2) and higher-level (Bloom levels 3 and 4) life cycle questions, as well as on the individual life cycle questions separately.
This makes the significantly better performance of the workshop students on the life cycle questions even more relevant.
Workshop students tended to perform better than the control group on all life cycle questions, but the difference for Question 3 was not significant.
In fact, workshop students tended to perform better than the control group on all life cycle questions, but the differences for the other questions were not significant.
Despite this possibility, the workshop group scored significantly higher than the control group (U = 4665.5, P = 0.001) on the life cycle questions of the final exam.
We used the ratio of points earned for life cycle questions and total points earned for the other questions on the final exam to assess whether the potential workshop benefits (as assessed by the life cycle questions) differed between low- and high-GPA students.
If student achievement (GPA) did not influence workshop benefits (Null hypothesis), we expected to find 1) no significant correlation between GPA and exam performance and 2) no difference between the low-GPA and the high-GPA groups in how well the students did on the life cycle questions relative to all the other exam questions on the final exam.
There was no significant correlation between GPA and overall performance on the life cycle questions on the final exam within the workshop group (Spearman's ρ = 0.219, P = 0.055), but GPA was positively correlated with overall final exam performance (Spearman's ρ = 0.552, P < 0.001).
There were seven life cycle-related questions on the final exam in 2009 (14 points of 270), and four of these questions were also represented in 2008 (8 points of 270).
The finding of endosymbiotic bacteria in an arthropod that is obligately hematophagous at all stages of its life cycle led to questions about the functions, if any, of the bacteria for its host's physiology and reproduction.
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