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This form of regulation — largely established by state governments and implemented through their licensing boards — is often referred to as "the right to practice". Under these laws, working in a licensed occupation is illegal without first meeting government standards.
In fact, practicing a licensed occupation without government approval sometimes leads to criminal charges.
The ruling could apply to every licensed occupation, "from beauticians to plumbers," he said.
While we're making progress in disclosing troves of government data on file, he added, "we haven't gone as far as we can". "Really, we should recognize that cosmetology is very different from almost anything else in the higher ed market -- it's preparations for a low-wage, licensed occupation," Miller said.
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This result is different from another recent study that analyzed the effects of occupational licensing for 13 universally licensed occupations (not including opticians) and found that the largest wage premiums of occupational licensing materialized after 10 years.
One reason for this different result may be that grandfather provisions in the laws (which allow existing practitioners to bypass the new requirements of licensing legislation) were not as prevalent for opticians relative to other licensed occupations.
One study estimated that Grennan's home state of Michigan "has 'good moral character clauses' in about 75percentt of its licensing statutes". Recently, the National Conference of State Legislatures analyzed 34 of the most commonly licensed occupations and found that only two of them did not have good-character requirements in any state.
The map below is from the study and shows the number of newly licensed occupations in each state over this 20-year period.
As the authors note in the study, there isn't a strong geographic pattern to the number of newly licensed occupations.
According to the Institute for Justice, cosmetology is one of the most widely and onerously licensed occupations in the United States, with licensees required to complete 372 days of education (on average) before being allowed to practice.
Whatever the state's intentions, however, its onerous licensing laws have the effect of keeping ex-convicts out of licensed occupations.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com