And no directors from the financial crisis have yet been found liable under these laws.
Whether insurers would be liable under these circumstances remains legally murky.
They would both be liable under centuries-old rules on accessorial liability.
The company, with Ottawa's support, said it was not liable under American laws.
Four federal appeals courts have ruled since 2005 that corporations can be held liable under the Alien Tort Statute.
Some of those suspected of wrongdoing might be liable under Western law, if they have dual citizenship.
The jury rejected the S.E.C.'s case, concluding that Mr. Stoker was not liable under the securities laws.
For this reason, and for others stated below, the court holds Microsoft liable under those particular state laws as well.
Mr. McNally said the S.E.C. now seemed to be putting actuaries on notice that they, too, could be liable under federal securities law for aiding and abetting fraud.
However, it also found that the school was not liable under the Rehabilitation Act and thereby reversed the ruling that the Tatros could recover attorney fees.
When a car breaks, a computer fails or a toaster flames out, the manufacturer is often liable under the product warranty.
