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There are also questions about whether companies could be held liable by individuals who have had their computers attacked.
In a statement, CBS said it was "gratified" by the judge's ruling, particularly his dismissal of Mr. Rather's claims that the network's executives were liable as individuals.
For observers of the ATS, this came as a surprise: For years, courts had allowed cases to proceed on the presumption that corporations were as liable as individuals for violations of international law.
Thus, the exposure level is self-rated which makes it liable to individual knowledge and socially patterned expectations [ 41].
'Are these individuals liable?
"The Department of Justice is making a strong push to hold individuals liable," he said.
Legal experts say the episode highlights problems with the law that can make companies or individuals liable for linking to sites they do not control.
In order to prosecute the defendants at Nuremberg, the Allies and their lawyers basically had to convert the Pact into a criminal code that made individuals liable for illegal acts of war.
If the S.E.C. is unable to hold individuals liable for the sales practices of Wall Street firms, it raises questions about whether it can effectively police the financial markets.
If it is so difficult to hold individuals liable, why don't the banks try to fight the S.E.C.? The case filed against Goldman Sachs in April 2010 over its sale of a C.D.O. is probably the best illustration about why it can be so costly just to have charges filed against a firm.
The challenge the S.E.C. faces in holding individuals liable for corporate misconduct came even clearer when it filed a motion to dismiss charges against Edward S. Steffelin for his role in putting together a synthetic collateralized debt obligation based on mortgage securities that was sold by JPMorgan Chase.
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