The latter mismatch could be taken as evidence that gesture can compensate for lexical difficulty, and indeed there is further evidence for gestural compensation in our data.
The RRCs have sentences that are highly comparable in terms of lexical difficulty, syntactical complexity, word length, number and position of words.
An example of both error types being produced by a single speaker comes from Dipper et al. (2011), where the participant exhibits lexical difficulty ("the /ka/ the /ke/ the /pu/ um pissy er pussy cat no the um bird") as well as clausal difficulty ("he rolls and keeps going falling falling falling falling").
In the case of lexical retrieval difficulties, the Lexical Hypothesis suggests either that gesture provides a semantic boost (Butterworth & Hadar, 1989; Hadar & Butterworth, 1997; Krauss & Hadar, 1999; Krauss et al., 2000), or a "re-run" through conceptual and/or lexical selection processes (Hadar & Butterworth, 1997).
Regarding simple lexical terms, the difficulties are mainly related to the identification of candidates with no morphological marks of specificity that indicate the terminological potential, i.e., candidates that are also used in the general language by a non-expert.
Nothing similar had previously been attempted in Anglo-Saxon diplomatic and although, later in the tenth century, other charters affecting the hermeneutic style were composed, the ferocious lexical and syntactical difficulties of these Æthelstan charters were never to be surpassed.
Concerning complex lexical terms, the difficulty lies on distinguishing the candidates of this type from the free phrases.
Neuropsychological assessment revealed severe attention deficit with constructive apraxia, slow visual pursuit movements, difficulties in lexical production after phonemic stimulation, and long- and short-term visuo-spatial memory deficit.
20 It has also been shown that verbal comprehension undergoes some age-related impairment manifested by difficulties in lexical access, syntactic processing, and discourse organization, 33 which is aggravated in cognitively declined adults.
