Earlier nuclear tests by North Korea were seen as attempts to leverage for more aid and sanctions relief.
Still, Thailand's ruling generals are aware of the risks of over-reliance on China, witnessed in the erosion of negotiating leverage in aid-for-concession Beijing deals for neighboring Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar.
Somalia, which has not had an effective national government since 1991, is rapidly becoming an arena where Kenya, Ethiopia and even Uganda, which has contributed thousands of troops to the peacekeeping force, vie for influence and use their involvement in the war-ravaged country for leverage with Western aid donors.
Fortunately, microfinance offers very high leverage on aid.
The former employment minister has hinted she intends to use Britain's £11bn aid budget as leverage for advantageous post-Brexit trade deals, saying UK aid was "helping to create millions of jobs in countries across the developing world – our trading partners of the future".
As the researchers see it, the overall improvement can be interpreted as an increase in implicit bargaining leverage for the recipients of Raskin aid.
It is quite reasonable for aid policies to be used as leverage on top of this, on a "more for more" basis.
He also urged the government to stand up for British values and not be ashamed to export them to "repressive" countries, using the "leverage" of foreign aid to fight religious intolerance and fundamentalism if necessary.
Those agreements, intended to put the region on the path to Union membership, are in the form of contracts, with leverage -- aid given or withheld in return for performance.
On the other hand, organizations such as the International Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFIm) [ 40] can leverage development aid by issuing bonds on international capital markets against long-term commitments of annual payments from donor nations in order to "frontload" aid, allowing immediate large-scale investments (such as in education infrastructure) [ 41].
Beijing considers that an affront to its interests in regional stability, but it has little leverage over the North other than the North's growing dependence on China for aid and trade.
