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Relative expression levels were determined using the 2−ΔΔCt method.
The DNA methylation levels were determined using various methods.
Lactate levels were determined using a lactate assay kit (Trinity Biotech) according to the manufacturer's instruction.
NADPH levels were determined using the NADP+/NADPH quantification kit (Biovision).
Glucose levels were determined using a glucose assay kit (Sigma-Aldrich).
Blood glucose levels were determined using blood plasma.
Thereafter, serum corticosterone levels were determined using ELISA.
mRNA levels were determined using SYBR Premix ExTaq (TliRNaseH plus) (TAKARA) and an ABIPRISM 7900HT Sequence detector (Perkin Elmer).
Sediment PAH levels were determined using gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) levels were determined using high performance liquid chromatography.
SF and serum urea levels were determined using a specific enzymatic method run on an automated CMA600 analyzer.
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