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Importantly, after 48 h of ligand exposure, half-maximal pSMAD-1 levels were achieved using the same concentration of the heterodimeric BMP2 variant (approximately 3 nM) as observed for wtBMP2.
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Optimization of cDNA expression at near physiological protein levels was achieved using promoters from four cell cycle-dependent genes.
For each single well amplification reaction, a threshold cycle was observed in the exponential phase of amplification and the quantitation of relative expression levels was achieved using standard curves for both the target and endogenous controls.
The relative quantification of Hsfs transcript levels was achieved using the comparative C T method (also known as the 2 - Δ Δ C T method) [ 47].
In many studies of clinical populations, an increase in arterial CO2 levels is achieved using administration of a vasodilatory gas through a face mask during scanning [Heyn et al., 2010].
Slightly higher recoveries of morphine, 6AM, BZE and CCE, at 1 ng mg−1 concentration level and cocaine at 40 ng mg−1 concentration level, were achieved using MAE.
Nearly 50% reduction in PMCA2 or PMCA3 protein level was achieved using an antisense RNA cloned into pcDNA3.1 vector transfected to naive PC12 cells.
The lowest levels of GALT activity were achieved using a 'leaky' human GALT transgene, UAS-hGALT 10A11, that expressed low levels of GALT despite the absence of a GAL4 driver.
Still higher levels of dystrophin expression were achieved using a twice-weekly injection regimen extended out to 6 weeks.
Preinjection blood glucose target levels of 6 10 mmol/L were achieved using a night-time injection of short-acting insulin.
All of the required CO levels for this study were achieved using the computerized software and were confirmed using GC to be between 0.5 and 5.0 ppm (up to 1.6%) of the desired CO levels.
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