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Levels of "housekeeping" proteins are maintained directly, but those of immune response proteins depend on more transcription.
To further assess the robustness of the single cell data, the levels of housekeeping genes were examined.
The expression levels of housekeeping genes across eight tissues were higher compared to tissue-specific genes (Figure 2).
We adjusted this baseline difference by estimating the difference between the expression levels of housekeeping genes common to the two datasets.
The transcript levels of housekeeping sigma factor RpoD and 30 genes identified as RpoD targets by the presence of its cognate DNA motif (cc_6), changed significantly upon carbon starvation, the great majority of them being downregulated.
Although these changes are subtle compared to the transcription levels of housekeeping genes like RLP8 it does give us some insight how synapse development after injury in the honeybee may be associated with lateralised sensory dominance.
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Owners can also list their favorite local restaurants and coffee houses and describe their level of housekeeping standards.
While the level of housekeeping σD was similar in parent and mutant, the levels of the flagella synthesis regulator σF and the stationary phase regulator σS were higher in the mutant strain, indicating a different motility and stationary phase phenotype.
The results were normalized to the mRNA level of housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, Hs99999905, Applied Biosystems, Switzerland) and expressed as relative values compared to the control group.
Autophagy is a protein degradation process by which cells recycle cytoplasmic contents under stress conditions or during senescence; a basal level of housekeeping autophagy also occurs under non-stressed conditions.
The expression level of housekeeping gene ABL was also determined as the control.
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