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Results suggest sage-grouse incur population-level impacts at very low levels of encroachment, and leks were less likely to be active where smaller trees were dispersed.
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We sampled the vegetation of 44 isolated kurgans in East-Hungary and studied the effects of habitat area, slope, recent disturbance, past destruction and the level of woody encroachment on the species richness and cover of grassland specialist and problem species (competitor weedy species).
Thus maintaining a moderate level of shrub-encroachment under sparse trees is recommended for not only creating safe havens for tree recruitment but also increasing the overall species and habitat diversity of wood-pastures.
This increases the amount of forest vulnerable to edge effects such as farmland encroachment, lower levels of humidity and a change in plant life.
Sceptics reply that evidence of encroachment abounds.
One plot was established in an area free of encroachment representing the historic sagebrush condition (HSC) prior to encroachment.
The reduction of encroachment will mostly result from increased mortality.
This ORV zone had been widened earlier because of encroachment of rabid raccoons from Pennsylvania (26 ).
Moreover, the extent of encroachment can increase with greater reductions in flow (Poff and Zimmerman 2010).
However, these forests were exposed to various levels of disturbances such as tree felling, fire, and encroachment (Fig. 3a-f).
Many of these encroachments influence the breeding system, levels of gene flow, population structure and overall fitness, thus impacting Ne and the overall level of genetic variation.
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