Health insurance tontines would not produce the same level of corrupting fortunes.
It is hard to assess the actual level of corruption because corrupt practices are not regularly reported.
A TI CPI score of 50 reflects a government perceived as equally corrupt/transparent; consequently, as a group, the mean score indicates moderately corrupt perceptions of these countries but with wide variation (includes countries perceived as having high levels of corruption [score of 17] to countries perceived to have a low level of corruption [score of 85]).
When compared with other sectors, health is frequently classified as being of median to high levels of corruption, with sectors such as public works contracts and construction, arms and defence, energy and industry appearing as more corrupt [ 108].
Bribery at lower education levels may be predictive of corrupt behaviour at higher levels.
There are several ways to gauge levels of government corruption, all of them a bit, well, corrupt.
It does warn, though, that if the political leader sets the tone for the bureaucracy's level of corruption, then even if the bureaucracy's corruption synergistically enhances the leader's rewards from being corrupt, "draining the swamp" by expelling corrupt bureaucrats may not be effective.
On the other hand, if initially the bureaucracy's level of corruption exceeds this Skiba threshold, then it is in the leader's self-interest to exploit the resulting income-generating possibility by also being corrupt, with the result that both the leader and the bureaucracy will become increasingly corrupt over time.
Even more interesting was our observation that those who had high levels of testosterone were most corrupt when they had high power.
Not to mention, as Dempsey also told us from his perspective, the drug trade permeates the highest levels of Malian politics and corrupts virtually every group in the country, both rebel and governmental.
