Notable among these were notions of continental submergence by seas (proposed by Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon, about 1750), which had implications of relative sea-level changes and sedimentary leveling of submerged areas.
Because the level surfaces, determined by leveling, are distorted slightly in the area toward the Earth's poles (because of the reduction in centrifugal force and the increase in the force of gravity at higher latitudes), the distances between the surfaces and the geoid do not exactly represent the surfaces' heights from the geoid.
Heights of surface features above sea level are determined in four main ways: by spirit leveling, by measuring vertical angles and distances, by measuring differences in atmospheric pressure, and, since the late 20th century, by using three-dimensional satellite or inertial systems.
In spirit leveling the surveyor has for centuries used a surveying level, which consists of a horizontal telescope fitted with cross hairs, rotating around a vertical axis on a tripod, with a very sensitive spirit level fixed to it; the instrument is adjusted until the bubble is exactly centred.
The leveling down objection applies straightforwardly to FEO and to level-the-playing-field or luck egalitarian distributive justice doctrines.
But it wasn't really a meritocracy either because, if you didn't care about your leveling up your character, you didn't need to, you could still play.
For the moment, it looks as though growth is leveling off, even as real output has yet to attain its pre-recession level.Looking more closely at the second quarter data, there is good news and bad news.
Last decade, home prices rocketed up along the coasts, and a stream of households flowed from the coasts to cheaper Sunbelt cities, all part of the mechanics of leveling out big real wage gaps.While the marginal resident of Phoenix and San Jose is assumed to be indifferent between the two cities, however, there is still a real productivity gap.
Printed felt base is formed by applying a heavy film of paint to felt saturated with asphalt; the felt is sealed at both the top and bottom with one or more layers of coating before application of paint, preventing discoloration from the paint and leveling the surface.
Despite this leveling trend in the regional distribution of population, southern China especially the southeast remained the most populous, the wealthiest, and the most cultured area of China in Ming times.
In less precise work a single wooden staff can be used; for detailed leveling of a small area, the staff is moved from one point to another without moving the level so that heights can be measured within a radius of about 100 metres.
