Fig. 13 Differences in amplitude level variance between spherical and plane waves.
Hypocentral distance variations in the ratio of the amplitude level variance between spherical and plane waves were investigated using different wavenumbers (π/4, π/2, π, 2π, and 4π km−1).
The results of both the 1.5- and 3-Hz simulations showed no apparent differences in the amplitude level variance between the two wave types in the weak wavefield fluctuation regime ( left({sigma}_{chi}^2<0.17right) ).
Our first aim is to examine to which degree the variability in problem scores is accounted for at the individual level (variance between children) and at family level (variance between families), using multilevel modeling.
The size of the GP practice level variance (between GP-practice variation) and the size of the individual-level variance are expressed relative to the overall variance.
Principal component analysis (PCA) [ 39, 40], which classifies expression patterns according to gene expression level variance between the culturing conditions, was performed as described previously [ 18, 20].
PCA was performed according to previous reports [ 50, 51], which classified expression patterns according to gene expression level variance between the culturing conditions.
To allow for different first-level variances between the groups, they were modelled separately in FLAME.
There were minimal differences in area-level variances between the PQL2 and MCMC methods (Table 4).
b Ratio between amplitude level variance for medium model A (acoustic medium) and medium model B (elastic medium).
Similar to the random-effects models used for analyzing binary outcomes, this model takes two levels of variance, between-cluster variance and within-cluster variance, into account for clustered or longitudinal nominal responses [ 41, 42].
