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Fig. 4 Hypocentral distance variations for amplitude level variance: exponential-type random media.

Fig. 13 Differences in amplitude level variance between spherical and plane waves.

The amplitude level variance for the observed P-waves increased with increasing hypocentral distance (Fig. 14a).

a Hypocentral distance variations in amplitude level variance using medium model A and the no.

Fig. 3 Hypocentral distance variations for amplitude level variance: von Kármán-type random media.

Reflecting this property, the amplitude level variance increases with increasing β value (Fig. 3b).

The generalized statistical traffic assignment (GESTA) model has a clear multi-level variance structure.

First, as with the other model the panel-level variance is significant.

Accordingly, the total variance explained by the added variables was calculated using this formula: student-level variance explained by the null model × student-level variance explained by the added predictors + school-level variance explained by the null model × school-level variance explained by the added predictors.

Due to the clustering of data in schools, these models allowed for between-level variance.

As the fixed effects model controls for all country-level variance, no country-level variables are included.