In addition, the finest processing with HiRISE data produced even submeter level topographic products in which unprecedented detailed geomorphic characteristics were shown, and the highly accurate quantitative geological interpretation can be performed accordingly.
The understanding of the "basic environmental background", which is a first-level index, and 10 s-level index factors (e.g., industrial hazards control level, topographic relief, lithology, depositional conditions and climatic conditions) were significantly different.
Grey level topographic maps have been computed from these normalized stacks with Photoshop script presented in [11].
(a) Moving edges; (b) ROI; (c) gray-level topographic surface; (d) flooding process and dam building.
The structure and composition of crust communities are related to precipitation levels, topographic position, soil type, and disturbance history (Belnap and Lange 2001; Ponzetti et al. 2007).
For example, we found the greatest site-level topographic heterogeneity among sand barrens communities.
Although broad-scale topography within the Oak Openings can be attributed to glacial and post-glacial natural processes (Forsyth 1970), we found that increased site-level topographic heterogeneity within our study can be attributed to more recent human disturbances.
These controlling factors include the provenance distance, provenance types, climate in the provenance area, sea level eustacy, topographic slope.
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The main aim of the present study is to delineate and analyze various parameters of a drainage network at watershed/subwatershed level using topographic maps, SRTM data and GIS techniques to know the geometry of the basin for hydrological conditions.
The present study investigates experimentally how groundwater level influences topographic changes in a gravel beach and simulates numerically the wave fields and flow patterns in the surf zone, considering the porosity of the media and the presence of groundwater.
