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According to Keller, the 2PL model is used to provide the probability that someone has to receive a specific score (or higher), given the level of the underlying latent trait.
A measure for the autocovariance structure of conditional correlations allows us to formally demonstrate that the volatility and the persistence of daily correlations are not primarily driven by financial news but by the level of the underlying true correlation.
Non-reductive physicalism of this sort denies that the theoretical and conceptual resources appropriate and adequate for dealing with facts at the level of the underlying substrate or realization level must be adequate as well for dealing with those at the realized level (Putnam 1975, Boyd 1980).
Local independence means that the response to any item is unrelated to any other item when the level of the underlying construct is controlled for.
The ultimate goal of this approach is to decipher the functional state of a cell at the level of the underlying biochemistry.
Interventions, both to prevent diseases and to manage them when they occur, are modeled at the level of the underlying biology.
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However, the effect of qGN4.1 in different rice genetic backgrounds and expression levels of the underlying candidate genes is not known.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07424.005 We investigated whether transcription levels of the underlying genes drive the distribution of Red1.
Sensitivity analysis will be performed to test the robustness of the results to realistic variations in the levels of the underlying data.
Sensitivity analysis will be used to assess the robustness of the results to realistic variations in the levels of the underlying data.
The point-biserial correlation of an item indicates whether higher scores on the item correspond with higher levels of the underlying construct and positive values are expected [ 38].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com