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Briefly, this algorithm normalizes a gene of interest against several normalizing genes, rather than against a single gene, thus obtaining an analysis of expression that is less likely to be impacted by any random fluctuations in the expression level of the normalizing gene(s).
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The mean level of FMRP normalized to Gapdh in the forebrain of unstimulated fully kindled mice was essentially identical to that of unkindled controls (data not shown).
Therefore, we measured the length of the anterior Hex domain at the level of the midline and normalized to the total length of the embryo.
The expression level of the gene was normalized to GAPDH.
The level of the GOIs was normalized to the geometric mean of two reference genes.
The 2-ΔΔCt method was used to calculate the relative expression level of transcripts normalized to β-actin.
The fold change was calculated and the expression level of genes was normalized to the expression level of GAPDH according to the method described [ 41].
After 15-minute incubation, cells were collected and measured for the level of [3H]RBV uptake normalized to the number of cells as described in Materials and Methods.
To control for loading, the level of GluRIIA was normalized to the level of Tubulin.
The expression level of mdfA was normalized to the expression level of 16S rRNA.
The relative level of each transcript normalized to the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was determined.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com