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The fully constrained artery exhibited less stress magnitudes (0.58 MPa) than the free one (1.05 MPa) and the partially constrained one (1.01 MPa), reflecting the reduced level of stretch and deformation of the artery if fully constrained.
By stacking 1D composite fibers to form 2D membranes, these corrugations collectively lead to the formation of membrane channels with shapes and sizes tunable by the level of stretch.
The simulations revealed that there was a clear trend of nearly inverse relationship between the level of stretch applied to the PM and the time for accumulation of cytotoxic contents of a diffusing biomolecule.
Also, a very low level of stretch, which produced no cell damage on its own, induced cell damage when it was repeated several times at a short interval (every 2 min).
The level of stretch for each fiber changes in response to matrix stretching.
We could not further increase stretch frequency with our system to test the prediction that 1 Hz is a saturation level of stretch frequency above which no additional alignment is expected.
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The tools and dynamometric systems used were designed in order to: mobilise the joint passively at low speeds and over almost all the range of motion; maintain a steady level of stretching or stress; perform loading unloading protocols; and apply cyclic stretching to the MAS.
Secondly, incubation of the ectoATPase inhibitor ARL67156 (100 μM) [ 31] resulted in a higher level of stretch-induced ATP release being detected.
According to the DfE, the Tef panel will award gold to a university if its courses offer "outstanding levels of stretch that ensures all students are significantly challenged to achieve their full potential".
Silver grades will be awarded to universities offering courses with "high levels of stretch that ensures all students are significantly challenged," while bronze will go to universities where "provision is of satisfactory quality … however, the provider is likely to be significantly below benchmark in one or more areas".
The effects of pathological levels of stretch on the induction of EMT have recently been highlighted in several studies.
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