Application of our modified framework generated a more accurate level of livelihood resilience by both emphasizing the positive attributes while considering the present real limitations and negatives.
The identified susceptibility can be evaluated against the level of livelihood resilience (with the caveat of real limitations) comprising the following attributes: knowledge, information, and resource flows; participation in formal and informal decision-making processes; capabilities, agency, assets, and activities required for a means of living; social capital; and human rights.
Fieldwork with Emae Island communities revealed high levels of exposure and susceptibility to hazards, but also identified high levels of livelihood resilience.
Accordingly, the malignant assertion that poverty was a personal failing was negated by the power of people to negotiate collectively for a decent level of living, an honourable livelihood or, in a more ancient formulation, a fair day's pay for a far day's work.
Using the fuzzy comprehensive method, this paper aims to assess the level of sustainable livelihood security of China's provincial farmers and its three components of ecological security, economic efficiency and social equity.
Our analysis and interpretation also incorporate insights from published family portrait studies which captured qualitative, household-level pictures of livelihoods and livelihood change (Homewood et al. 2009).
Besides, their perceptions were largely not associated with their socioeconomic characteristics including marital status, age, level of education, and livelihood streams.
While exploring pathways to involve local communities in the design of EWS, the case study essentially highlights that some communities are likely to be more resilient to hazards than others due to a higher level of socioeconomic development, livelihood diversification, access to technology and information, or a higher level of education.
Pearson correlation coefficient, indicated a weak positive association between smallholder's perceptions and either their age, marital status, level of education, or livelihood streams (r ≤ 0.1; p ≥ 0.05, for all), unlike their climatic perceptions and farm sizes which showed a strong positive association (r = 0.430; p ≤ 0.01).
A Pearson correlation analysis on the association between smallholder's perceptions and their socio-economic strata indicated a weak positive association (r < ± 3, p ≥ 0.05) between smallholder's perceptions and either their age, marital status, level of education, or livelihood streams.
Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significantly strong negative association between smallholders' constraints and both (r ≥ − 0.3; p ≤ 0.01) their level of education, and diversity of livelihood streams.
