High levels of honey bee colony losses were recently reported from Canada, China, Europe, Israel, Turkey and the United States, raising concerns of a global pollinator decline and questioning current land use practices, in particular intense agricultural cropping systems.
Another factor that can affect the HMF content of honey is the tropical climate of Malaysia because it has been reported that hot weather can increase the HMF levels of honey in the bee hives themselves [40].
Our result is similar to the reported HMF levels of honeys originating from other tropical countries such as Morocco (0.09 to 53.38 mg/kg) [34] and Australia (50.8 to 74.9 mg/kg) [40].
Julie Mustard, a researcher at Ohio State, explained that: "On the molecular level, the brains of honey bees and humans work the same.
The present study found that both low and high intensities of jumping exercise may have elicited negative effects on FSH level and the combination of honey supplementation and exercise in both levels of intensities could improve the adverse effects induced by jumping exercise on FSH level.
The variation in the Cr levels of different honeys from several countries may be related to geographical differences in the origins of the honeys [ 30].
These findings have also promoted the interest of companies dedicated to the commercialization of the high level of antibacterial activity of honey, which have provided financial support for research in this area, especially concerning clinic assays.
Similarly, Zaid et al.[ 25] reported that administration of low dose of 0.2 g per kg, medium dose of 1.0 g per kg and high dose of 2.0 g per kg Tualang honey were accompanied with nonsignificant lower level of serum FSH in honey treatment groups compared to ovariectomised control rats.
The level of Cu in Malaysian honey is similar to that in the honeys from Slovenia (1.4 2.7 mg/kg) [ 4], Turkey (0.23 2.41 mg/kg) [ 28], and Ireland (2.0 mg/kg) [ 18].
Therefore, HMF level is not only indicative of honey freshness but also of storage duration and conditions (Table 1).
