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Eventually, dosage balance constraints could be relieved by differences in expression level of duplicate genes.
T7 polymerase-amplified libraries were also associated with the highest level of duplicate and chimeric reads (see additional file 1, Table S2).
The increased level of duplicate reads seen at lower cell numbers is also assumed to be introduced during the PCR amplification (18 cycles) required as part of Illumina library preparation.
Five of the 7 pairs of chromosomal arm regions expressing the highest level of duplicate gene expression in rainbow trout share homologous synteny to the 5 pairs of homeologs with the greatest duplicate gene expression in Atlantic salmon.
Variation in anthocyanin profile and in transcriptional level of duplicate genes among developmental stages and cultivars was studied using a complete randomized design, and tested for significance using ANOVA run by COSTAT statistical package (CoHort Software, Monterey, CA, USA).
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With the advancements in digital technology, the threat of unimaginable level of duplicating and illegal reproducing of software also increases.
Whereas the first four degrees of industrialization (i.e., prefabrication, mechanization, automation, robotics) remain at the level of duplicating the traditional construction processes, the fifth degree, reproduction, seeks innovative processes capable of short-cutting the repetitive linear operations of craftsmanship nature.
Mean methylation level of duplicates was used.
Most of the evolution process of large segments or genome is accompanied with the duplicated genes evolution or operates organizational level of duplicated genes.
In this case, random SSD taking place in our WGD timing window would constitute a background level of duplicates, but we should not observe a Ks distribution peak, evidence of a unique event.
Those that are commissioned typically exhibit high levels of duplicate and redundant data integration, with poor reuse due to hardcoded routines and proprietary requirements.
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