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The longer beams showed greater actuation rates and took less time to reach the same level of deflection.
The three cover depths were also used for FS31 in two levels of deflection, giving in total 18 specimens (nine for each level of deflection) for FS31.
Depending on the level of deflection of the diaphragms, muscle contraction force increased from 0.1 N (volume 0.6 ml) to 0.7 N (volume 1.5 ml).
Considering the shock and vibration environment of microgravity experiments, one can expect some level of deflection, bending, and backlash of opto-mechanical elements.
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Larger crack widths were found in specimens with C15 and this trend was clearer at higher level of deflections in the specimens (Fig. 3b).
After unloading from the Zwick, all FS31 specimens were placed in special steel frames for sustained loading at the same level of deflections (D5 and D7) by tightening the bolts on both ends of each specimen as shown in Fig. 1c.
The analysis underestimates the amplitudes and overall level of the slab deflections of the tests.
Finally, truss optimization for various levels of global deflections is presented, exposing the potential of the formulation for optimizing highly nonlinear responses.
FS31 specimens were loaded up to two different levels of vertical deflections 5 mm and 7 mm (D5 and D7) respectively in the Zwick Z250 MTM, in order to study the effect of two different crack patterns.
The overall peak-to-peak amplitude method determines the deflection level of the saw blade based on its recorded positions.
By measuring the amount of deflection for a given level of current, in 1890 Schuster was able to estimate the charge-to-mass ratio of the ray components.
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