In relation to smoking, these theories suggest that individuals with low cessation self-efficacy will invest little effort to avoid smoking or maintain smoking abstinence, compared to individuals with higher levels of cessation self-efficacy.
Given the low levels of cessation in 1996 and the low rates of advice to quit by healthcare providers and use of cessation treatment, 1 it will be important to monitor treatment use and cessation and initiation rates in the Chinese population.
PWLs have reduced tobacco packaging's appeal [ 3], increased awareness of the harms attributable to smoking, stimulated message processing, and elicited higher levels of cessation-linked behaviours than text-only warnings [ 27, 28].
Because the same level of brief cessation counseling was provided in all arms, the placebo arm could be considered a surrogate for 'counseling alone'.
The latest study shows patients with mental health problems can benefit from stopping smoking [ 13], and health professionals have been encouraged to provide their patients with the same level of smoking cessation support that is given to the rest of the population [ 14– 16].
Although various effective interventions are available to help individuals quit smoking, the effect of educational levels on cessation rates has rarely been studied, and of the few intervention studies on this topic, the results have been conflicting.
4 6 Although there are various effective interventions that help individuals quit smoking, 7 10 the effect of educational levels on cessation rates has seldom been studied, and the results of the few intervention studies that have been conducted are conflicting.
We find that smoking behaviour in New Zealand has become socially and ethnically more polarised over the past two decades, with greater levels of smoking cessation among higher socio-economic groups, and among New Zealanders of European origin.
In this sample, nurses reported significantly higher levels of worksite cessation support than other women.
