Focusing on German biotechnology, this article takes an alternative perspective arguing that functions of the NSI became part of a multi-level governance system.
Currently, the mobility sector is characterized by a complex multi-level governance system with unclear and ineffective distribution of responsibilities (see Governance and key policies Section).
However, what appears to be a conflict between groups (pastoralists and environmentalists) is actually a set of new temporal and spatial interactions that are not fully addressed in the multi-level governance system.
Rather, the broad aim for effective governance should establish structures that will foster local conservation management action and autonomy, and to place local actors within a broader multi-level governance system still requires accountability (but not necessarily in a hierarchical sense).
We argue that non-state (privately) managed grazing properties working within a multi-level governance system that includes the state have a greater chance of conservation success because their actions can more appropriately match the scale of the problem at the implementation level.
However, the extent to which they can be implemented is subject to complex politics and powerful coalitions across multi-level governance systems and scales of interest.
Although this has been the case in most countries with large pastoral populations, like Ethiopia, women have limited ability to access and own land, which is a form of economic access to key markets as well as a form of social access to non-market institutions, such as household- and community-level governance systems (Flintan 2003 .75.
Multi-level governance systems such as the PHC system in Nigeria are described as 'polycentric' when the different levels of decision making are formally independent of each other, whether or not they actually function independently (Ostrom et al. 1961).
This remains a political values-based decision to be negotiated through the receiving multi-level water governance system.
Within a multi-level, polycentric governance system, cooperation rather than competition should guide the future approaches to dealing with resource-efficiency in Europe [48].
In the longer term, meta-level, global governance systems need to be developed, which incorporate information technology or e-governance solutions that can reward new types of contributions and cut down on unnecessary administration.
