Both S7 and RAG2 showed strong population-level differentiation between the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean (ΦST = 0.066 0.512).
IACP achieves flow-level differentiation between real-time and non-real-time video by a double-queue framework, namely the primary (VI) and alternative (A_VI) AC queues as shown in Fig. 1c, also referred to as AC_VI and AAC_VI, respectively, throughout this study.
Serpentine soils do not constitute a major selective agent for ECM fungi and do not lead to higher-level differentiation between serpentine and non-serpentine fungi.
We define these QTL as "ecotypic QTL" because their bi-parental inheritance indicated these were likely to be associated with population-level differentiation between the precocious and normal ecotypes.
Given these previous findings using the same marker set, the data set used here is sensitive enough to detect species-level differentiation between B. j. harlani and other B. jamaicensis subspecies if it were present.
Then, we aim at the analysis of their sequences to study the level of differentiation between cohorts: we adopt a measure of entropy in the economic independence trajectory and in the family formation trajectory and, then, we aim at distinguishing different paths to adulthood based on a cluster analysis.
The level of differentiation between populations was surprisingly low among Europeans (FST = 0.003, P = 0.002), pointing to a remarkable homogeneity for NAT2 variation in this continent.
FST values, which are also based on differences in allele frequencies between two samples, support this finding, since a statistically significant level of differentiation between time points was only found for Marchena (Table 1).
Such a low level of differentiation between widely dispersed populations may be interpreted as a signature of homogenizing selection, favouring the same allelic variant in otherwise disparate populations (through either directional or balancing selection).
The level of differentiation between all other population pairs was limited (F ST < 0.01, p-value >0.05; Table 3).
