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Indeed several reports have shown severe developmental defects in Arabidopsis in response to inappropriate [Fe-S] biogenesis such as embryo lethality in both AtSufE and AtSufC loss-of-function mutants [26], [27].
Yeast is an excellent model organism for elucidating BRCA1 function since heterologous expression of BRCA1 causes slow growth and lethality in both haploid [7] and diploid [8] wild type (WT) yeast.
Thus, the repeated treatments with TOY3 markedly attenuated lethality in both the LPS- and CLP-induced sepsis models compared to the single treatment of TOY3 (50% survival: ∼60 hr versus ∼50 hr, P<0.01 in the LPS-induced sepsis model; 70% survival: ∼60 hr versus ∼50 hr, P<0.01 in the CLP-induced sepsis model).
These repeated treatments with TOY3 markedly attenuated lethality in both the LPS- and CLP-induced sepsis models compared to the single treatment of TOY3 (50% survival: ∼70 hr versus ∼50 hr, P<0.01 in the LPS-induced sepsis model; ∼84 hr versus ∼60 hr, P<0.01 in the CLP-induced sepsis model).
SigF mutants have reduced lethality in both mouse [28] and guinea pig models [30] of TB and also have altered cell membrane properties [31], [32] whereas sigJ is dispensable for in vivo growth but appears to be involved in protection against hydrogen peroxide [29].
CLC treatment resulted in 100% lethality in both groups.
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JNK signaling also plays pivotal roles in development, as demonstrated by embryonic lethality in mice lacking both of the two ubiquitously expressed isoforms JNK1 and JNK2 (in contrast to mice lacking the neuronal-specific JNK3, which are viable) (Kuan et al., 1999).
Unexpectedly, administration of GalN/LPS had similar lethality rate in both WT mice and adenosine receptor-deficient mice (A1AR−/−, A2aAR−/−, A2bAR−/− and A3AR−/− mice; Figure 1b).
Gene-targeting experiments for Tie-1 (Sato et al., 1995; Puri et al., 1995) and Tie-2 (Sato et al., 1995; Puri et al., 1995; Patan, 1998; Dumont et al., 1994; Puri et al., 1999) result in embryonic lethality in mice, indicating that both genes are required for normal embryonic development.
PrtV and VCC may interact by an activating relationship because they both induce lethality in C. elegans.
Early embryonic lethality in mice doubly deficient for both IRPs (Ref. 44) shows that the IRP IRE regulatory system is essential.
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