Secondly, the survey included closed questions, which are generally considered to be of lesser validity than open-ended questions, which were also included.
Other clinicians may just access resources that evidence-based practitioners might consider less evidence-based, (i.e. lesser validity) such as consulting a colleague, or reading a textbook, or perhaps, they may forego searching altogether.
Pharmaceutical companies for example are still reluctant to use quality of life as an outcome due to perceptions that the available measures lack reliability and, to a lesser extent, validity.
Thus, the biased results in the effect may be toward the null, a lesser threat to validity.
Regardless of whether changes in these practices were related to poor health, this kind of measurement error would result in the underestimation of the effect a lesser threat to validity.
The non-differential distributions in age, sex, and administrative unit, indicate this kind of selection error might be random, thus, the results could be biased toward the null, a lesser threat to validity.
This kind of misclassification error would result in underestimation of the effect if the association between type 2 diabetes and pancreatic cancer exists, indicating that the true effect would be stronger, a lesser threat to the validity of our finding.
The independence assumption is clearly unwarranted here, but this exercise illustrates that potential inaccuracies in our historical water concentration estimates may pose a far lesser threat to the validity of previously published epidemiological associations between PFOA and preeclampsia in the C8 Health Study than suggested by traditional models for exposure measurement error.
Major remaining uncertainties, which cannot noticeably perturb the sulfur chemistry itself, center on the exact nature of the mechanisms by which sulfur modifies NOx formation and, to a lesser extent, to reexamine the validity of the exact mechanisms involved in the catalytic flame radical recombination cycles.
The old recommendation that you buy a few good things instead of many lesser things still has much validity, however, since most collectors tend to get more selective as they gain experience.
Evidence for validity, and to a lesser extent, sensitivity, was found.
